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| uniform
microspheres |
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| volcanic
rocks |
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FORMATION OF
OPAL |
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Precious
Opal in Volcanic Rocks |
| Most of the other precious
opal deposits of the world, such as those
in Slovakia, Mexico, California, Indonesia,
Honduras, Japan, parts of Australia and
other places, are to be found in cavities
in volcanic rocks. In these cases, the opal
clearly bears a genetic relationship with
the host rock.
The rock itself is frequently altered hydrothermally,
which has no doubt resulted in mobilisation
of the silica, which has subsequently accumulated
as a sol in the cavities. The excess water
dries and/or filters out, leaving the cavity
wholly or partially filled with opal, which,
under favourable conditions, may form a
mass of close-packed spheres showing diffraction
colours.
In these cases, it is probable that the
opaline material has been deposited at higher
than ambient temperatures, and from water
with higher concentrations of silica. That
the silica has been deposited from an aqueous
medium is shown in a cavity partially filled
with opal (R0658).
The lower part of this cavity in a partially
altered trachyte from Rocky Bridge Creek
in New South Wales contains white opal (in
this case showing no diffraction colours)
with a cracked surface; the surface was
horizontal when the specimen was in situ.
Similar material showing diffraction colours
is well known from this locality. |
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At Tintenbar,
also in New South Wales, jelly-like
precious opal was found to occur in
a similar manner. This sample was
opal-CT, suggesting that somewhat
higher temperatures of deposition
encourages actual crystallisation
of the opal. At the other extreme
were small cavities in the similar
altered trachyte from Maleny, Queensland.
Here, small pockets, a few mm across,
were filled with glass-clear opal
which showed only one colour flash
across the pocket. In other words,
the whole cavity was filled with uniform
spheres in uniform packing.
In a few cases, X-ray diffraction
patterns of opal are close to that
of well crystallised cristobalite;
these are the type designated opal-C.
These are most likely to be found
in or associated with volcanic rocks,
so that it is postulated that they
have been formed by the silica crystallising
at a somewhat higher temperature during
the deposition process. It has been
shown experimentally by Flörke
and co-workers (R1057)
that cristobalite, as well as opal-CT,
can be formed by hydrothermal deposition;
the crystal structure of these products
closely resembled the natural products.
In some cases it is possible that
volcanic opal has been recrystallised
by subsequent heating, such as further
lava flow.
Jones and the author (R0242)
have shown that heating in air converts
both opal-A and opal-CT into cristobalite.
The reaction is both time and temperature
dependent, with opal-A converting
more readily than opal-CT. It was
found that crystallisation could be
induced at least as low as 900°C
given heating times of several weeks;
given sufficient time, conversion
may well occur at lower temperatures
under natural conditions in, for example,
a solidified but still hot lava. |
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